Ohio Bankruptcy Guide — Chapter 7 & 13
Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy in Ohio — exemptions, the automatic stay, means test eligibility, and what property you can protect
Bankruptcy is a federal court process that can stop collection actions, discharge qualifying debts, and provide a structured path to financial stability. The two most common consumer chapters — Chapter 7 (liquidation) and Chapter 13 (repayment plan) — follow different paths but both begin with the automatic stay that halts garnishment, foreclosure, and other collection activity the moment you file.
Ohio requires debtors to use state exemptions — federal bankruptcy exemptions under §11 U.S.C. § 522(d) are not available.
The two most common consumer chapters
Chapter 7: Liquidation discharge
Chapter 7 eliminates most unsecured debts (credit cards, medical bills, personal loans) in approximately 3-4 months §11 U.S.C. § 727. A Trustee reviews your assets, but many Chapter 7 cases are "no-asset" — meaning exemptions protect everything the debtor owns. Eligibility requires passing the Means test §11 U.S.C. § 707(b), which compares your household income to Ohio's median.
Chapter 13: Repayment plan
Chapter 13 reorganizes debt into a 3-to-5-year repayment plan §11 U.S.C. § 1322. It is designed for people with regular income who need to catch up on secured debts (mortgage arrears, car loans) or who earn too much to qualify for Chapter 7. At the end of the plan, remaining qualifying unsecured debts are discharged.
Chapter 7 vs. Chapter 13 at a glance
| Chapter 7 | Chapter 13 | |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Eliminate unsecured debt (fresh start) §11 U.S.C. § 727 | Reorganize debt into a repayment plan §11 U.S.C. § 1322 |
| Timeline | 3–4 months §11 U.S.C. § 727 | 3–5 years §11 U.S.C. § 1322 |
| Who qualifies | Must pass the Means test §11 U.S.C. § 707 | Regular income required §11 U.S.C. § 109 |
| Property at risk | Non-exempt assets may be liquidated §11 U.S.C. § 704 | You keep all property §11 U.S.C. § 1306 |
| Mortgage arrears | Cannot cure — may lose home §11 U.S.C. § 362 | Can cure arrears over plan period §11 U.S.C. § 1322 |
| Car loans | Must be current or surrender §11 U.S.C. § 521 | Can restructure payments §11 U.S.C. § 1325 |
| Tax debt | Limited (must meet 3-year/2-year/240-day rules) §11 U.S.C. § 523 | Can pay over plan period §11 U.S.C. § 1322 |
| Credit impact | Stays on report 10 years §15 U.S.C. § 1681c | Stays on report 7 years §15 U.S.C. § 1681c |
| Repeat filing | 8-year wait after prior Ch. 7 discharge §11 U.S.C. § 727 | 2-year wait after prior Ch. 13 discharge §11 U.S.C. § 1328 |
Ohio exemptions at a glance
- Homestead: $125,000 in equity per individual §2329.66(A)(1)
- Personal property: $10,775 aggregate in household goods, furnishings, wearing apparel, appliances, jewelry, and other personal items ($525 per item cap on household goods) §2329.66(A)(3)–(4)
- Wages: 75% of disposable earnings (or amount exceeding 30× federal minimum wage, whichever protects more) §2329.66(A)(13)
- Wildcard: $1,075 (any property; available only in bankruptcy proceedings) §2329.66(A)(18)
- Retirement: Ohio PERS, STRS, and other public retirement system benefits are exempt under (A)(10)(a); payments under a pension, annuity, or similar plan or contract are exempt under (A)(10)(b) only to the extent reasonably necessary for the support of the debtor and dependents; IRAs, individual retirement annuities, Roth IRAs, and education IRAs are exempt under (A)(10)(c) to the extent the assets are attributable to or derived from contributions (and earnings on them) within the applicable federal deductible, Roth, or rollover contribution limits. Ohio sets no dollar cap on the IRA exemption, but assets deposited for the purpose of evading payment of a debt are not exempt, and support-order provisions (e.g., 3119.80, 3123.06) are excepted §2329.66(A)(10)(a)–(c)
What the Automatic stay does immediately §11 U.S.C. § 362
The moment a bankruptcy petition is filed, the Automatic stay takes effect. This federal court order immediately halts:
- Wage Garnishment
- Foreclosure proceedings
- Repossession attempts
- Collection calls and letters
- Utility shutoffs (for 20 days)
- Most pending lawsuits against the debtor
Debts that survive bankruptcy §11 U.S.C. § 523
- Most tax debts less than 3 years old
- Domestic support obligations (child support, Alimony)
- Student loans (absent a showing of undue hardship)
- Debts arising from fraud, embezzlement, or willful injury
- Court-ordered Restitution and certain fines
When timing matters most
Filing too early can waste an exemption opportunity or miss a critical deadline. Filing too late can mean lost property, completed garnishment, or foreclosure sale. The decision about when to file is often as important as the decision about whether to file.
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Frequently Asked Questions
General answers to common questions. Specific outcomes depend on your facts and timing.
If you have a deadline, court notice, or upcoming hearing, mention it when requesting assistance so timing can be evaluated promptly.
- Takes effect immediately upon filing
- Prior dismissed cases within 1 year may limit stay to 30 days or eliminate it entirely
- Below-median income generally passes; above-median triggers detailed expense analysis
- Uses 6-month lookback of current monthly income
- Homestead: $125,000 in equity per individual
- Ohio requires use of state exemptions — federal exemptions under [§ 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)] are not available (opt-out: Ohio Rev. Code § 2329.662)