The Minnesota Criminal Process — Step by Step

A criminal case in Minnesota moves through a series of stages from arrest to resolution. Understanding each stage — and the decisions that must be made at each one — helps you avoid the mistakes that can affect the outcome.

A criminal case begins with an arrest — either with a warrant issued by a judge based on probable cause, or without a warrant when an officer witnesses a crime or has probable cause to believe a Felony has been committed §629.34. Officers may arrest without a warrant for felonies on probable cause and for misdemeanors committed in their presence. Domestic assault warrantless arrest authorized under Minn. Stat. § 629.341.

At the moment of arrest, your constitutional rights attach:

• You have the right to remain silent
• You have the right to an attorney
• Anything you say can and will be used against you

After arrest, you are booked (photographed, fingerprinted, personal information recorded) and brought before a judge or magistrate for an initial appearance.

At the initial appearance, the judge:

• Informs you of the charges
• Advises you of your rights, including the right to counsel
• Sets bail or conditions of release
• Appoints counsel if you cannot afford an attorney

Minnesota Constitution Art. I, § 7 guarantees bail for all offenses except capital crimes. Bail set by court using Minn. R. Crim. P. 6. Pretrial detention without bail available for first-degree murder. Risk assessment tools used in some jurisdictions.

Bail is the mechanism that allows you to be released from custody while your case is pending. The amount and conditions are set by the judge based on:

• The seriousness of the charges
• Your criminal history
• Flight risk (ties to the community, employment, family)
• Public safety considerations

Violating bail conditions — including no-contact orders, curfews, drug/alcohol restrictions, or travel limitations — can result in immediate arrest and revocation of bail.

Depending on the charge and the jurisdiction, the next step may be a grand jury indictment or a preliminary hearing. Both serve to determine whether there is sufficient evidence (probable cause) to proceed with formal charges.

• [def:grand jury|Grand jury]: A group of citizens reviews evidence presented by the prosecution and decides whether to issue an indictment. The defense does not participate in grand jury proceedings.
• [def:preliminary hearing|Preliminary hearing]: A judge reviews evidence in an open hearing where the defense can cross-examine witnesses. This hearing may reveal the strength of the prosecution's case.

At Arraignment, the formal charges are read, and you enter a plea:

• Not guilty — Preserves all options and is the standard plea at this stage
• Guilty — Waives your right to trial and proceeds to sentencing

>Note: Minnesota does not allow nolo contendere (no contest) pleas.

After arraignment, both sides exchange evidence (discovery). The defense may file pretrial motions, including:

• Motion to suppress — Asking the court to exclude evidence obtained through illegal searches, coerced confessions, or other constitutional violations
• Motion to dismiss — Arguing that the charges should be dropped due to insufficient evidence, procedural defects, or violations of the defendant's rights
• Motion for change of venue — Requesting the trial be moved if pretrial publicity has made a fair trial impossible in the current jurisdiction

The vast majority of criminal cases — approximately 90-95% — resolve through plea negotiations rather than trial. Plea bargaining may result in:

• Reduced charges (e.g., felony reduced to misdemeanor)
• Dismissed counts (if multiple charges)
• Agreed-upon sentencing recommendations
• Diversion or deferred adjudication programs

A plea is a serious decision that should only be made after reviewing all the evidence and understanding the consequences. You have the right to reject any plea offer and proceed to trial.

If the case proceeds to trial, the prosecution must prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. In Minnesota, a criminal jury consists of 12 members who must reach a unanimous verdict.

The trial proceeds in this order:

If convicted — by plea or verdict — the court imposes a sentence within the statutory range for the offense classification. Sentencing may include:

• Incarceration (jail or prison depending on the offense level)
• Probation §609.135 et seq. — Stays of imposition/execution: up to maximum statutory sentence; typically 3–5 years for felonies
• Fines and court costs §609.101 et seq.
• Restitution to victims
• Community service
• Mandatory programs (substance abuse, anger management, etc.)

Minnesota sets a specific deadline: 60 days. No Minnesota Statutes section sets the speedy-trial clock; it comes from Minn. R. Crim. P. 11.09(b). After entry of a plea other than guilty, on demand of any party the trial must start within 60 days unless the court finds good cause for a later trial date. Separately, unless exigent circumstances exist, if trial does not start within 120 days from the date the plea other than guilty is entered and the demand is made, the defendant must be released under any nonmonetary conditions the court orders. Other sanctions for violating these provisions are left to case law, and constitutional speedy-trial analysis is separate. Minn. Stat. § 611A.033 gives a victim the right to request that the prosecutor make a rule 11.09 demand for trial within 60 days.